// The first section of the book has been neatly written out, clearly a final draft///
Interviews with The Scholar - A study of necromantic ethics.
By Yvonne Rhune.
" I do not steal the corpses of beloved uncles to animate them. I do not send forth waves of undead to attack settlements. I am not mad, or insane. I am a humble scholar, who studies are very broad."
So says 'the Scholar', Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept, disciple of Saesred’etsu te Esoterotept and Thomas Aqvin. The purpose of this treatise is to investigate this man, and explore in detail his morality and methodology. His basic contention is that necromancy is not intrinsically immoral:
" I do believe that there is no great ill in using a goblin spirit to kill other goblins. I even believe that the living should be able to decide if they wish their remains animated or otherwise, and not a group of sneering moralists... Is it wrong to animate the bones of a senseless animal, or those of a criminal in order that he may repay his debt to society by useful labor, or to a loyal heart who is so dedicated to a particular cause that he wishes to contribute to it even when he is dead?"
Is necromancy wrong? A seemingly silly question with an obvious answer, but Aleczumberzeil's new arguments deserve serious consideration. I will probe this question in depth, and seek some sort of a moral resolution based on philosophical reason as well as the Scholar's actions, the implementation of his new necromantic notions.
Let us first examine motive. Where there is uncertainty, is there really a practical reason to dabble with the lines of life and death? This is the Scholar's line of reply:
" Yvonne Rhune: What is the advantage of the animation? Is it not true that approximately the same amount of study would enable the summoning of a magical creature of approximately the same power and usefulness, without blurring the barriers of life and death? Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: I do not believe that is correct at all, Yvonne. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: A simple incantation could produce a zombie that would hoe a field, or defend a gate. It would never tire, never require further attention... yet even the most skilled conjurers can only summon forth entities for a very limited time. Yvonne Rhune: I see. So the appeal of the animation is the duration of the resultant product? Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: I am not in the position of an advocate for anything, you must understand. But I do think this is a subject that should be discussed thoughtfully. And yes, I believe that and other advantages are notable. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: I do not imagine that most entities from other planes would wish to be brought here and put to slave labor. Yvonne Rhune: I know of no one better to help me understand. What other advantages are there? Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Yet I do not doubt that there are many charitable individuals who would gladly will their remains to a more useful purpose than moldering in a crypt. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Furthermore, depending upon the nature of the task - Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Would it be practical or kind to send a celestial guardian to unclog sewer pipes? Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Whereas a zombie would do so, faithfully, and with no unhappiness. "
The main advantage of undead is utility. They are strong, tireless and capable of simple tasks without boredom or mental fatigue. One might also suggest that having a zombie 'die' defending a gate is more moral than a living man giving up his life for the same act. Therefore we can conclude that indeed necromancy is useful. We must now assess if it is ethical.
Let us start with an early discussion on morality, not long after the Scholar arrived:
"Isom Ushanak: If I come upon it I will destroy it. If you come upon it then you will study it, though I would urge you not to bind the dead to this corrupted place. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Well, you certainly seem very sure of that. I envy your surety... what about a being that desires to linger, as the walking dead? I have heard of tireless sentinels - Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: - who are so dedicated to their duty, that they have sought to have their flesh animated when they can no longer stand on their own. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Helmites, dedicated to the most worthy of causes. Isom Ushanak: To believe such is the sign of a corrupted mind. One whose path is lost to the whisperings of Eshowdow. One who is foolishly deluded by falsehoods. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: And what of criminals, those whose crimes are vile beyond reason, their flesh put to good use, making up for what they did as living beings. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: I'm simply asking questions, in the spirit of study and contemplation. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: In truth, I have never truly been satisfied with the commonly held conception that when the spirit passes on, anything done to the remains that linger behind is of any significance. Isom Ushanak: There is no circumstances where it is good to bind a man to the maze beyond his proper time. When he is called before Ubtao then he must come or be doomed to the clutches of Eshowdow. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: If that is the case... what of the maggots? The rot that inevitably ruins any corpse when left unembalmed? Oona: Maggots are an essential part of the life cycle. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Maggots seem to feast on undead flesh as easy as living, in my experience. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Either way, it hardly seems to have any impact on the spirit, which is faithfully feasting in the realm hereafter, I am sure. Isom Ushanak: Foul magics do more then bind the body. They bind the soul to this realm. Oona: They do not bring corruption to a corpse, they break it down and return it to the earth to be re-used. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: Do they really? When I stare into the eyes of a ghoul or ghast, I see no sign of any soul. Oona: Nor do I see a sign of a soul in the likes of you here and now. Isom Ushanak: I care not for the binding of obstacles. Yet to bind the soul of a sentient creature is a dark abomination and should not be considered by any that have not been lost to Eshowdow's whispers. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: I truly do not. Again, I simply ask as a humble scholar to those who appear to have more experience in such maters... Oona: Begone from this place, you and your studies are not welcome here. Aleczumberzeil te Esoterotept: ... but how can you be sure that the soul is bound? How do you truly know?"
Here we come to one of the key problems of necromantic morality. "What happens to the soul of an undead being". This question cuts to the heart of the ethical problems with necromancy . The effect of animation on the soul determines whether necromancy can be used as a righteous tool, or if it is intrinsically an immoral act.
Let us compare animation of the dead to murder. Murder is unambiguously a bad act. To kill someone is clearly an act that legal institutions, philosophers and virtuous deities have universally condemned for as long as recorded history. Murder is wrong because it takes someone away from this plane of existence, a plane that is really one big testing ground. Not only does the death cause potential hurt to the recipient and their friends and family, but it also removes the possibility of future action on this plane. Where a person may be hanging in the balance between a successful afterlife with their chosen deity, or failing in the eyes of their chosen lord, removing time on this plane can permanently determine the eventual fate of a soul.
That having been said, murder can clearly be a virtuous thing in the right circumstances. Rare are those who would not support the regicide of a murderous tyrant-king, or the swift removal of a pederast, if death is the only way to stop them. Here the murder becomes righteous because a probable greater immorality has been prevented. Even the most 'moral' of gods advocate murder at the appropriate time, although like many humans they shy away from the word, changing it to something more palatable, like execution.
So can be necromancy be classed with murder? Normally an immoral act, but one that if used at the right moment, can ultimately work for good? Aleczumberzeil submits that the body animated has no impact on the soul, which has moved on to its final resting place. His arguments are not bounded in evidential study however, instead he states " When I stare into the eyes of a ghoul or ghast, I see no sign of any soul". Oona retorts "Nor do I see a sign of a soul in the likes of you here and now", a strong retort to the experiential argument. The fact of the matter is that the spiritual ascension or hindrance of the part of sentient beings which transfers between here and the celestial planes (hereafter called the soul) is simply not examinable by occupants of this plane in their current format (with the possible exception of those engaged in very powerful scrying or plane walking magical practice). Without the capacity to look into the eyes of a being and get a spiritual reading one has to chart a cautious approach, for fear of accidentally doing great wrong.
The Latherdirtes submit that a soul of an animated being suffers in agonising torment on the plane of negative energy until such time as their body is put to rest. This argument is, unfortunately, also not immediately testable. It does pose some unusual theological ramifications. For example bodies can be animated long after they died, does this mean the soul travels to the celestial realm to serve their god on death, only to whisked away months, years or centuries later to suffer for a period of time on the negative energy plane? If so, I would imagine more wise men, interplanar scriers and religious leaders would advocate cremation, since it keeps the soul safe from sudden incarceration and torture, which otherwise remains a risk for the duration of the beings physical remains.
Unlikely though this set up sounds, we must give it credence if no proof can be found against it. After all, the whole theocratic system of our universe has many unusual and counter-intuitive elements (such as the damned status of newborns, too young or ill-educated to choose a deity). If the result of necromancy is prolonged agony, then a necromancer is by definition a sort of post-mortem torturer. Torture is clearly an immoral act, especially if it is enacted on one who otherwise would have moved on to their appropriate afterlife otherwise. While we cannot demonstrate that the Lathanderite arguments are sounder than the Scholar's, we must work with the worst-case scenario, and do no wrong. It is better to not animate the dead, only to find out their souls have moved on, than to accidentally torture thousands of souls for long periods of time accidentally.
Certainly most virtuous gods abhor necromancy, and the negative plane torture theory certainly would explain the different policies on murder and necromancy for the greater good. For example Torm, Selune or most of the noble gods would support the removal of a genocidal tyrant by lethal force, but they would not advocate the removal of such tyrant with non-lethal force but assisted by a summoned army of undead. Even when the often eccentric nature of our pantheon is factored in, this unusual moral take implies there is some missing element to our morality. Negative energy torture is the best candidate to fit that bill.
So what then of sentient undead? Even if we agree that a zombies' soul is tormented on another plane, the Scholar's companion and assistant, a quiet and shy mummy, is an example of a willing undead being. We might, however, remark that sentient undead are commonplace, such as vampires, liches, ghouls etc. There has never been any suggestion that the soul can be fractured, or co-located in any religious or metaphysical text known to the author. All standard teachings suggest the soul is in the body, or it is in the fugue plane, or in some afterlife. Since the soul is the motive force behind sentience, we must conclude that there are two distinctly different types of undead under the Lathanderite metaphysical model. We shall term one "slave undead" - these are the unreasoning undead, capable of only a parody of their former skills, desires and wants. The classic example is a zombie. Even where some beings possess complex functioning, such as magical practice, without independent intelligent thought, they are slaves of who or whatever summoned them. Even without a master, they lack initiative or cognitive power. We will assume it is these dead whose souls are absent, tortured on another plane of existence. On the other hand, we have what I will term "sentient undead". The classic example is a lich.
If the only problem with necromancy is the post-mortem torture, then a reanimation into a sentient form of undead does not appear to be unethical. This means that some of the Scholar's arguments hold water. The author cannot condone the use of unwilling criminals, or enemies, since one is condemning them to unnecessary torture as a 'slave undead'. As a 'sentient undead' one is delaying their divine judgment, something that is not the responsibility of mortals, but of gods. Even rothe, or other animals should not be animated, as one cannot rule out that their spirits likewise suffer on the negative energy plane. It is one thing to quickly slaughter a beast for food or safety, it is another to condemn it to long term suffering. However, without some further evidence coming to light, this text must conclude that under limited circumstances, specifically a sentient being converted into sentient undead, that there are no logical ethical problems.
This is not to say that there are not further theological issues. Just because something may not logically be unjust, does not mean that it is sanctioned by the gods. One is here locked into something of a dilemma. To animate a willing follower if a virtuous god is to imperil the eternal soul of that being. For example a follower of Torm will only invite score and harsh judgment from his lord for his animation, even with good intentions. With the current lord of the dead adamantly opposed to necromancy, this problem is exacerbated. Of course if one animates the follower of an less virtuous god who approves of necromancy, let us say for example Velsharoon, then the act is not longer imperiling the dead ones soul, as Velsahroon approves. Unfortunately it hard to imagine how animation of a sentient follower of Velsharoon can ever be a moral act, as the actions of this new undead will no doubt be as immoral as that of his god. It is for this reason, caught between the divine censor of the virtuous gods, and the immorality of the pro-necromantic gods, that ethical animation is such an extraordinarily rare phenomenon.